Crypto mining is legal in all four countries, but each admits miners its own way: a three-year licence in Kazakhstan, a certificate with no expiry in Kyrgyzstan, a five-year permit in Uzbekistan and Hi-Tech Park residency in Belarus. The fees, timelines, power rules and taxes below come from the laws and regulators as of October 2026.
Updated · Reviewed by the Prifinance team
The digital assets law lets only Kazakh individual entrepreneurs and companies mine, under a licence and through a digital mining pool accredited in the country. The hardware sits in a digital mining data centre outside residential areas. The Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development issues the licence for three years, in two subtypes.
In the three Central Asian countries the state charges mining through electricity: a fee per kilowatt-hour, a tax on the power bill or a higher tariff. So the power model is worked out before the country is chosen.
The form of admission, who can get it, the official fees and the timelines, from the laws and rules of the four countries as of October 2026.
| Country | Admission | Who may mine | Fees and timing |
|---|---|---|---|
| KazakhstanMore details → | Digital mining licence for 3 years, subtype I or II | Kazakh individual entrepreneurs and companies, through an accredited pool | 2,000 MCI (I) or 5 MCI (II); 15 working days |
| KyrgyzstanMore details → | Entry in the register of miners and a certificate with no expiry | Companies and individual entrepreneurs, resident or not | Registration fee; 30 calendar days |
| UzbekistanMore details → | NAPP permit for 5 years; a mining pool needs a separate licence | Companies only | No issue fee, then 10 BCV a month; 20 days |
| BelarusMore details → | No licence: a company needs Hi-Tech Park residency | HTP residents; individuals on their own | Decision of the HTP Supervisory Board |
Neither Uzbekistan's permit nor Kyrgyzstan's certificate can pass to another company, and the certificate lapses if there is no mining for more than 12 months after it is issued.
Country by country: regulator, licence type, capital, timelines and tax.
The EU regime that replaced national VASP registrations: crypto-asset services, capital classes, the passport.
The FATF definition, VASP registration versus a full licence, the countries that still run VASP regimes and what replaced them in the EU.
Application and yearly fees and minimum capital in more than 30 jurisdictions, with MiCA fees by country.
32 jurisdictions compared on EU passport, speed, entry cost and tax, with a ten-country shortlist and official figures.
The three Central Asian countries where mining has its own power and tax rules. Belarus follows in the tax section below.
| Country | Electricity | Tax or fee | Selling mined coins |
|---|---|---|---|
| KazakhstanMore details → | Data centre outside residential areas, with meters | KZT 2 per kWh (1 with own renewables or off-grid power, 25 without a licence or meters) plus 20% CIT for companies | Free since November 2025, when the 75% AIFC quota ended |
| KyrgyzstanMore details → | A sound power supply that meets fire, sanitary and technical rules | 10% of the accrued power charges, in place of profit tax, VAT on supplies and sales tax | First on the platform of a Kyrgyz-licensed trading operator |
| UzbekistanMore details → | Solar plants; from the grid, a separate meter and double the tariff | 10 BCV a month; in Besqala Mining Valley 1% of mining income, which is free of taxes and fees until 2035 | Through crypto exchanges licensed in Uzbekistan; in Besqala also abroad, with the proceeds paid into an Uzbek bank |
Requirements that recur in the laws and rules of the three countries. The exact list depends on the country and on whether the data centre is yours.
The laws, fee rules and regulator pages behind the figures and timelines on this page.
Figures and dates as of 21 October 2026. Each country page links its own regulator, law and register.
Your own data centre or hosting, the power source, the capacity and where the coins will be sold. We fix it in writing before anything is filed.
We register the company and arrange the rights to the site and hardware, the power supply contract and metering.
In Kazakhstan through the e-licensing portal, in Uzbekistan online with OneID, in Kyrgyzstan an application for registration with a business plan and a power forecast.
We answer the regulator's requests and fix any defects on time. The result is a licence, a certificate or a permit.
The mining fee or tax, reports on time and renewals: a Kazakh licence runs for three years, an Uzbek permit for five.
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Two countries charge mining through electricity, a third through a monthly fee and, in a special zone, a share of income, and the fourth through the Hi-Tech Park regime.
Companies pay corporate income tax of 20%, where income is the coins the pool distributes to the miner, at their value. On top comes the digital mining fee of KZT 2 per kWh, declared and paid quarterly. Data centres that provide computing infrastructure to miners pay it too.
The mining tax is 10% of the accrued power charges, VAT and sales tax included. It replaces profit tax, VAT on supplies and sales tax, and the return and payment are due by the 20th of the next month. Other activities pay the usual 10% profit tax and 12% VAT.
A miner pays NAPP 10 BCV a month. Residents of Besqala Mining Valley are exempt from that fee and from taxes and fees on mining income until 1 January 2035, and pay the zone Directorate 1% of that income each month.
Hi-Tech Park residents pay 0% profit tax and 0% VAT, but gross profit from operations with tokens is taxed at 9%. Employees' income tax is 9%, or 13% in 2023-2027.
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Mining, bitcoin mining included, is lawful in every country on this page; what differs is the admission. Kazakhstan licenses mining, Kyrgyzstan requires an entry in the register of miners and a certificate, Uzbekistan a NAPP permit, and in Belarus a company mines as a Hi-Tech Park resident. In the EU, MiCA does not license mining: it is not on the list of crypto-asset services.
You need to be a Kazakh individual entrepreneur or have a Kazakh company, a digital mining data centre (yours or another company's) and a pool accredited in Kazakhstan to mine through. The application goes through the e-licensing portal and the decision takes 15 working days. The Ministry of Artificial Intelligence and Digital Development issues the licence for three years: subtype I for a miner with its own data centre, subtype II for one whose hardware sits in another data centre. Our Kazakhstan crypto license page covers AFSA authorisations in the AIFC for exchanges, brokers and custodians.
The licence fee is 2,000 MCI for subtype I and 5 MCI for subtype II: with the MCI at KZT 4,325 in 2026, that is KZT 8,650,000 and KZT 21,625. Re-issuing the licence costs 10% of the rate. Then comes the digital mining fee of KZT 2 for every kWh consumed, and, for companies, corporate income tax of 20%.
Yes, with a subtype II licence: the hardware is yours and sits in another company's digital mining data centre. Both miners and the companies that provide them with computing infrastructure pay the digital mining fee.
No. The duty to sell 75% of mined assets through AIFC exchanges was abolished in November 2025, when container set-ups were also allowed. Strategic digital mining works differently: its miners give 10% of the mined assets, net of the costs set out in its Rules, to the state crypto reserve every month.
A regime under Rules approved by Government Resolution No. 638 of 18 July 2026. The miner gets an electricity quota and buys power directly from listed plants, currently Ekibastuz GRES-1 with a 300 MW quota, at no more than the plant's limit tariff under a 10-year contract. It needs its own data centre of at least 150 MW, connection to substations of 35 kV or more and hardware of at least 150 TH/s per unit. In return, 10% of the mined assets net of those costs goes each month to the Astana Hub fund for the national crypto reserve.
A miner registers in the digital register of miners and receives a certificate; no licence is needed for mining. The right to mine starts on the day the certificate is received. You need your own hardware, a working virtual-asset wallet, a sound power supply and a business plan with a three-year power forecast. The decision takes 30 calendar days; the certificate has no expiry but lapses if there is no mining for more than 12 months after it is issued. Our Kyrgyzstan crypto license page covers the rules for exchanges and other providers.
10% of the accrued charges for power used in mining, VAT and sales tax included; with your own power, of the volume at the mining tariff. It replaces profit tax, VAT on supplies and sales tax, and is reported and paid monthly by the 20th. Other activities are taxed separately, with separate accounts.
Yes, for a company with a NAPP permit. Mining is registered rather than licensed: the permit is issued for five years within 20 days and with no fee, after which the miner pays 10 BCV a month. Power comes from solar plants or, from the grid, through a separate meter at double the tariff. Mined coins may be sold through crypto exchanges licensed in Uzbekistan. Our Uzbekistan crypto license page covers the four NAPP authorisations, the mining pool among them.
It is a special mining zone covering the whole of Karakalpakstan, set up by Presidential Resolution PP-143 of 17 April 2026. A resident is a company registered in Karakalpakstan. Mining income is exempt from taxes and fees until 1 January 2035, and residents pay the zone's Directorate 1% of that income each month. Grid power at double the tariff, all renewables and hydrogen plants are allowed, and mined coins may also be sold on foreign platforms as long as the proceeds reach an account at a bank in Uzbekistan.
Individuals can, on their own and without registering a business, under Decree No. 8. A company can mine only as a Hi-Tech Park resident; there is no mining licence. Individuals buy and sell tokens for money only through crypto platform operators, crypto exchange operators and other HTP residents. Our Belarus crypto license page covers HTP residency.
No. Article 3(1)(16) of MiCA lists ten crypto-asset services and mining is not one of them; recital 93 also keeps miners out of transfer services. A CASP licence comes in once you offer clients crypto-asset services such as custody or exchange. Our MiCA license page covers CASP authorisation.
The route depends on the emirate and the zone. In Dubai, the eight virtual-asset activities VARA licenses (advisory, broker-dealer, custody, exchange, lending and borrowing, management and investment, transfer and settlement, issuance) do not include mining, so a miner works on an ordinary free-zone licence: DMCC names mining among the activities its Crypto Centre licences cater for. In Abu Dhabi, ADGM treats crypto mining as a licensed commercial activity under its Registration Authority rather than a financial service: in January 2026 the Authority put proposed guidance for miners out for comment (Discussion Paper No. 1 of 2026, comments closed on 20 March 2026), and in October 2026 the final guidance was not yet on ADGM's consultations page. Our DMCC crypto license page and our ADGM crypto license page cover each zone.
Tell us the capacity, the hardware, the power source and the country you have in mind. Our legal team reviews the project and replies in writing with the admission you need, what it costs and how to structure the company.
